PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT |
Never put all eggs in a single basket: warren buffet
INTRODUCTION:
Investment in the securities such as bonds, debentures and shares etc. is lucrative as well as
exciting for the investors. though investment in these securities may be rewarding, it is also
fraught with risk. Therefore, investment in these securities requires a good amount of
scientific and analytical skill.
As per the famous principle of not putting all eggs in the same basket, an investor never invests his entire investable funds in one security. He invests in a well diversified portfolio of a number of securities which will optimize the overall risk return
profile. Investment in a portfolio can reduce risk without diluting the
returns.
Activities in Portfolio Management
The following three major activities are involved in the formation of an Optimal Portfolio suitable for any given investor:
(a) Selection of securities.
(b) Construction of all Feasible Portfolios with the help of the selected securities.
(c) Deciding the weights/proportions of the different constituent securities in the portfolio
so that it is an Optimal Portfolio for the concerned investor.
The activities are directed to achieve an Optimal Portfolio of investments commensurate
with the risk appetite of the investor.
Objectives of Portfolio Management
Some of the important objectives of portfolio management are:
(i) Security/Safety of Principal: Security not only involves keeping the principal sum intact
but also its purchasing power.
(ii)
Stability of Income: To facilitate planning
more accurately and systematically the reinvestment or consumption of income.
(iii) Capital Growth:
It can be attained by reinvesting in growth securities or through
purchase of growth securities.
(iv) Marketability i.e. the case with which a security can be bought or sold: This is essential
for providing flexibility to investment portfolio.
(v) Liquidity i.e. nearness to money: It is desirable for the investor so as to take advantage
of attractive opportunities upcoming in the market.
(vi) Diversification: The basic objective of building a portfolio is to reduce the risk of loss of
capital and/or income by investing in various types of securities and over a wide range of
industries.
(vii) Favourable Tax Status:
The effective yield an investor gets
from his investment
depends on tax to which it is subjected to. By minimising the tax burden, yield can be
effectively improved.
PHASES OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
Portfolio management is a process and broadly it involves following five phases and each phase is an integral part of the whole process and the success of portfolio management
depends upon the efficiency in carrying out each of these phases.
Security Analysis
The securities available to an investor for investment are numerous in number and of
various types. The securities are normally classified on the basis of ownership of securities
such as equity shares, preference shares, debentures and bonds, In recent times a number
of new securities with innovative features are available in the market e.g. Convertible
Debentures, Deep Discount Bonds, Zero Coupon Bonds, Flexi Bonds, Floating Rate Bonds,
Global Depository Receipts, Eurocurrency Bonds, etc. are some examples of these new
securities. Among this vast group of securities, an investor has to choose those ones which
he considers worthwhile to be included in his investment portfolio. This requires a detailed
analysis of the all securities available for making investment.
Security analysis constitutes the initial phase of the portfolio formation process and consists
in examining the risk‐return characteristics of individual securities and also the correlation
among them. A simple strategy in securities investment is to buy underpriced securities and
sell overpriced securities. But the basic
problem is how to identify underpriced
and
overpriced securities and this is what security analysis is all about.
there are two alternative approaches to analyse the security:
1) Fundamental analysis
2) Technical analysis
1) Fundamental analysis:
Fundamental analysis, the older of the two approaches concentrate on the fundamental factors affecting the company such as:
- the EPS Of the company
- the dividend payout ratio
- the competition faced by the company
- the market share
- quality of management etc.
fundamental factors affecting the industry to which the company belongs.
The fundamental analyst compares this intrinsic value (true worth of a security based on its
fundamentals) with the current market price. If the current market price is higher than the
intrinsic value, the share is said to be overpriced and vice versa. This mispricing of securities
gives an opportunity to the investor to acquire the share or sell off the share profitably. An
intelligent investor would buy those
securities which are underpriced and sell
those
securities which are overpriced. Thus it can be said that fundamental analysis helps to
identify fundamentally strong companies whose shares are worthy to be included in the
investor's portfolio.
2) Technical analysis:
The second approach to security analysis is ‘Technical Analysis’. As per this approach the
share price movements are systematic and exhibit certain consistent patterns. Therefore,
properly studied past movements in the prices of shares help to identify trends and patterns
in security prices and efforts are made to predict the future price movements by looking at
the patterns of the immediate past. Thus Technical analyst concentrates more on price
movements and ignores the fundamentals of the shares.
In order to construct well diversified portfolios, so that Unsystematic Risk can be eliminated
or substantially mitigated, an investor will like to select securities across diverse industry
sectors which should not have strong positive correlation among themselves. The efficient market hypothesis holds that‐share price movements are random and not
systematic. Consequently, neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is of value in
generating trading gains on a sustained basis. The EMH thus does not subscribe to the belief
that it is possible to book gains in the long term on a sustained basis from trading in the
stock market. Markets, though becoming increasingly efficient everywhere with the passage
of time, are never perfectly efficient. So, there are opportunities all the time although their
durations are decreasing and only the smart investors can look forward to booking gains
consistently out of stock market deals.
Portfolio Analysis
Once the securities for investment have been identified, the next step is to combine these
to form a suitable portfolio. Each
such portfolio has its own specific
risk and return
characteristics which are not just the aggregates of the characteristics of the individual
securities constituting it. the return and risk of each portfolio can be computed mathematically based on risk return profile for the constituent securities and pairwise correlation among them.
from any chosen set of securities number of portfolios can be formed which is constructed by varying fraction of chosen securities.
Portfolio Selection
The goal of a rational investor is to identify the Efficient Portfolios out of the whole set of
Feasible Portfolios mentioned above and then to zero in on the Optimal Portfolio suiting his
risk appetite. An Efficient Portfolio has the highest return among all Feasible Portfolios
having identical Risk and has the lowest Risk among all Feasible Portfolios having identical
Return. Harry Markowitz’s portfolio theory
(Modern Portfolio Theory) outlines the
methodology for locating the
Optimal Portfolio for an investor (unlike the CAPM, the
Optimal Portfolio as per Markowitz Theory is investor specific).
Portfolio Revision
Once an optimal portfolio has been constructed, it becomes necessary for the investor to
constantly monitor the portfolio to ensure that it does not lose it optimality. Since the
economy and financial markets are dynamic in nature, changes take place in these variables
almost on a daily basis and securities which were once attractive may cease to be so with
the passage of time. New securities with expectations of high returns and low risk may
emerge. In light of these developments in the market, the investor now has to revise his
portfolio. This revision leads to addition (purchase) of some new securities and deletion
(sale) of some of the existing securities from the portfolio. The nature of securities and their
proportion in the portfolio changes as a result of the revision.
This portfolio revision may also be necessitated by some investor‐related changes such as
availability of additional funds for investment, change in risk appetite, need of cash for other
alternative use, etc. Portfolio revision is not a casual process to be taken lightly and needs to
be carried out with care, scientifically and objectively so as to ensure the optimality of the
revised portfolio. Hence, in the entire process of portfolio management, portfolio revision is
as important as portfolio analysis and selection.
Portfolio Evaluation
This process is concerned with assessing the performance of the portfolio over a selected
period of time in terms of return and risk and it involves quantitative measurement of actual
return realized and the risk borne by the portfolio over the period of investment. The
objective of constructing a portfolio and revising it periodically is to maintain its optimal risk
return characteristics. Various types of alternative measures of performance evaluation
have been developed for use by investors and portfolio managers.
This step provides a mechanism for identifying weaknesses in the investment process and
for improving these deficient areas.
It should however be noted that the portfolio management process is an ongoing process. It
starts with security analysis, proceeds to portfolio construction, and continues with portfolio
‐revision and end with portfolio evaluation. Superior performance is achieved through
continual refinement of portfolio management skill.
1 Comments
This is a very helpful topic for MBA students
ReplyDeleteAnd thank you Mam for making this topic Easyable for us