Business Glossary part 1

BUSINESS GLOSSARY (A-D)

Business-glossary

 

  Aa

Accidental Damage- Damage to a person’s possessions by accident, such as spilling paint on a carpet that is covered by some home insurance policies

Account - Formal record that represents, in words, money or other unit of measurement, certain resources, claims to such resources, transactions or other events that result in changes to those resources and claims.

Accountant- A person who is usually trained to understand and maintain financial records.

Accounting- A system for keeping score in business using dollars. Sometimes how people refer to an accounting department where the score is kept.

 Accounting Period The period of time over which profits are calculated. Normal accounting periods are months, quarters, and years (either calendar or fiscal).

Account Payable - Amount owed to a CREDITOR for delivered goods or completed services.

Account Receivable - Claim against a DEBTOR for an uncollected amount, generally from a completed transaction of sales or services rendered.

Accountable Plan - An accountable plan is any reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement of an employer that meets all of the following requirements (therefore excluding it from gross w-2 earned income and tax)

·        it provides reimbursements advances or allowances including per diem and meals, to employees for any job related deductible business expense;

·        employees must be able to substantiate expenses covered in the plan;
·        employee must return any excess advances or payments.

 Accountant - Person skilled in the recording and reporting of financial transactions. (See CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT.)

Accountants' Report - Formal document that communicates an independent accountant's:
1)    expression of limited assurance on FINANCIAL STATEMENTS as a result of performing inquiry and analytic procedures (Review Report);

2)    results of procedures performed (Agreed-Upon Procedures Report);

3)    non-expression of opinion or any form of assurance on a presentation in the form of financial statements information that is the representation of management (Compilation Report); or

4)    an opinion on an assertion made by management in accordance with the Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements (Attestation Report). An accountants' report does not result from the performance of an AUDIT. (See AUDITORS' REPORT)

Accounting - Recording and reporting of financial transactions, including the origination of the transaction, its recognition, processing, and summarization in the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

 Accounting Change - Change in

a.      an accounting principle;

b.     an accounting estimate; or

c.      the reporting entity that necessitates DISCLOSURE and explanation in published financial reports.

Accounting Principles Board (APB) - Senior technical committee of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA) which issued pronouncements on accounting principles from 1959-1973. The APB was replaced by the FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (FASB).

Accrual Basis - Method of ACCOUNTING that recognizes REVENUE when earned, rather than when collected. Expenses are recognized when incurred rather than when paid.

Accumulated Depreciation - Total DEPRECIATION pertaining to an ASSET or group of assets from the time the assets were placed in services until the date of the FINANCIAL STATEMENT or tax return. This total is the CONTRA ACCOUNT to the related asset account.

Actuary - An expert on pension scheme assets and debts, life expectancy and risk for insurance purpose

Acquisition - The buying of one company by another; also known as a takeover

Additional Paid in Capital - Amounts paid for stock in excess of its PAR VALUE or STATED VALUE. Also, other amounts paid by stockholders and charged to EQUITY ACCOUNTS other than CAPITAL STOCK.

 Adjusted Basis - After a taxpayer's basis in property is determined, it must be adjusted upward to include any additions of capital to the property and reduced by any returns of capital to the taxpayer. Additions might include improvements to the property and subtractions may include depreciation or depletion. A taxpayer's adjusted basis in property is deducted from the amount realized to find the gain or loss on sale or disposition.

Adjusted Gross Income - Gross income reduced by business and other specified expenses of individual taxpayers. The amount of adjusted gross income affects the extent to which medical expenses, non business casualty and theft losses and charitable contributions may be deductible. It is also an important figure in the basis of many other individual planning issues as well as a key line item on the IRS form 1040 and required state forms.

Adjusting Journal Entry - An accounting entry made into a subsidiary ledger called the General journal to account for a periods changes, omissions or other financial data required to be reported "in the books" but not usually posted to the journals used for typical period transactions (the cash receipts journal, cash disbursements journal, the payroll journal, sales journal and so on) the entry is posted to the general ledger accounts directly and usually will be numbered itself, dated and have an explanation.

Administration Fee- An amount you pay for the time it takes staff to make changes to your financial product or service

AVC- Additional Voluntary Contribution – extra money that people in work related pension schemes can pay to increase their pension benefits

Adverse Opinion - Expression of an opinion in an AUDITORS' REPORT which states that FINANCIAL STATEMENTS do not fairly present the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP). The auditor will issue an adverse opinion when there is an existence of a material weakness on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

Affiliated Company - Company, or other organization related through common ownership, common control of management or owners, or through some other control mechanism, such as a long-term LEASE.

Affinity Card - A credit card that allows a person to support an organisation such as a charity; every time a person uses the card to buy something, the credit card company makes a small donation to the organization

After tax - An amount of money that a person is left with after they have paid tax

Agent-A person who deals with a range of suppliers from which it can issue a recommendation to a client

Agency Fund - Fund consisting of ASSETS where the holder agrees to remit the assets, income from the assets, or both, to a specified beneficiary in due course or at a specified time.

Aging - A process in which accounts receivable are sorted by age. A debt that is only a few days old is a lot better than one that has not been paid for a year. Aging often sorts accounts receivable into current (less than 30 days after the sale was made), 30 to 60 days old, 60 to 120 days old, and so on. Aging permits collection efforts to focus on accounts that are long overdue. Aging also helps determine the amounts that should be put into allowances or reserves for bad debts or doubtful accounts. In valuing a company, the accounts receivable should be aged. A preponderance of old accounts may indicate that the accounts receivable asset is worth much less than is shown on the books.

Agreed-Upon Procedures Report - See ACCOUNTANTS' REPORT.

AICPA - See AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS.

All risks-A home insurance policy that covers a person’s possessions even if they take them outside their home

Allocation rate-A percentage of a person’s money that has been invested in a fund; the remainder is spent on charges

Alternative Dispute Resolution - An alternative to formal litigation which includes techniques such as arbitration, mediation, and a non-binding summary jury trial.

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) - Tax imposed to back up the regular income tax imposed on CORPORATION and individuals to assure that taxpayers with economically measured income exceeding certain thresholds pay at least some income tax.

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) - Receipts for shares of foreign company stock maintained by an intermediary indicating ownership.

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) - National professional membership organization that represents practicing CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (CPAs). The AICPA establishes ethical and auditing standards as well as standards for other services performed by its members. Through committees, it develops guidance for specialized industries. It participates with the FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (FASB) and the GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (GASB) in establishing accounting principles.

Amortization - Gradual and periodic reduction of any amount, such as the periodic write down of a bond premium, the cost of an intangible ASSET or periodic payment Of MORTGAGES or other DEBT.

Analytical Procedures - Substantive tests of financial information which examine relationships among data as a means of obtaining evidence. Such procedures include:

a.      comparison of financial information with information of comparable prior periods;

b.     comparison of financial information with anticipated results (e.g., forecasts);

c.      study of relationships between elements of financial information that should conform to predictable patterns based on the entity's experience;

d.     comparison of financial information with industry norms.

Annual percentage rate (APR) - the annual interest rate taking in to account periodic compounding of interest and any fees charged. Also known as effective interest rate.

Annual Report - Report to the stockholders of a company which includes the company's annual, audited BALANCE SHEET and related statements of earnings, stockholders' or owners' equity and cash flows, as well as other financial and business information.

Annuity - Series of payments, usually payable at specified time intervals.

Anti-dilution - Condition that may increase the computation of EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS) or decrease loss per share solely because of the inclusion of COMMON STOCK equivalents, such as STOCK OPTIONS, WARRANTS, convertible DEBT or convertible PREFERRED STOCK, nomination or selection of the independent AUDITORs.

ARF- Approved Retirement Fund – an investment plan that self-employed people, directors of family firms and certain other people can buy with the proceeds of their pension plan when they retire, which they can allow to grow or can cash in from time to time to provide an income.

Arrangement fee- A fee that a bank or building society charges a customer for arranging a loan

Arrears- An overdue amount that has not been paid

Articles of association- A company’s document that sets out the shareholders’ rights and the directors’ powers

Assembly of Financial Statements - The providing of various accounting or data-processing services by an accountant, the output of which is in the form of financial statements ostensibly to be used solely for internal management purposes.

Assertion - Explicit or implicit representations by an entity's management that are embodied in financial statement components and for which the AUDITOR obtains and evaluates evidential matter when forming his or her opinion on the entity's financial statements.

Asset - An economic resource that is expected to be of benefit in the future. Probable future economic benefits obtained as a result of past transactions or events. Anything of value to which the firm has a legal claim. Any owned tangible or intangible object having economic value useful to the owner.

Audit Documentation - The written record of the basis for the AUDITOR's conclusions that provides the support for the auditor's representations, whether those representations are contained in the auditor's report or otherwise. (May be referred to as work papers or working papers)

Audit Engagement - Agreement between a CPA firm and its client to perform an AUDIT.

Audit Risk - The risk that the AUDITOR may unknowingly fail to modify appropriately his or her opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated.

Audit Sampling - Application of an AUDIT procedure to less than 100% of the items within an account BALANCE or class of transactions for the purpose of evaluating some characteristic of the balance or class.

Auditing Standards - Guidelines to which an AUDITOR adheres. Auditing standards encompass the auditor's professional qualities, as well as his or her judgment in performing an AUDIT and in preparing the AUDITORS' REPORT. Audits conducted by independent CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT (CPA) usually in accordance with GENERALLY ACCEPTED AUDITING STANDARDS (GAAS), which consist of standards approved and adopted by the membership of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA).

Auditor - Person who AUDITS financial accounts and records kept by others. Includes both public accounting firms registered with the PCAOB and associated persons thereof.

Auditors' Report - Written communication issued by an independent CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT (CPA) describing the character of his or her work and the degree of responsibility taken. An auditors' report includes a statement that the AUDIT was conducted in accordance with GENERALLY ACCEPTED AUDITING STANDARDS (GAAS), which require that the AUDITOR plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS are free of material misstatement, as well as a statement that the auditor believes the audit provides a reasonable basis for his or her opinion. (See ACCOUNTANTS' REPORT.)

Authorised share capital- The highest amount of share capital that a company can issue, as set out by the company’s memorandum of association

Available credit- The difference between a person’s credit limit and the amount of money they have already borrowed or spent on their credit card

Bb

Backup Withholding - Payors of interest, dividends and other reportable payments must withhold income tax equal at a rate equal to the fourth lowest rate applicable to single filers if the fail to supply a federal id or if they fail to certify that they are not subject to it.

Bad Debt - All or portion of an ACCOUNT, loan, or note receivable considered to be uncollectible.

 Balance - Sum of DEBIT entries minus the SUM of CREDIT entries in an ACCOUNT. If positive, the difference is called a DEBIT BALANCE; if negative, a CREDIT BALANCE.

 Balance Sheet - Basic FINANCIAL STATEMENT, usually accompanied by appropriate DISCLOSURES that describe the basis of ACCOUNTING used in its preparation and presentation of a specified date the entity's ASSETS, LIABILITIES and the EQUITY of its owners. Also known as a STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION.

Balloon payment-  A higher than normal final payment for a loan in return for lower regular repayments

Bank- An organisation that invests and lends money

Bank identifier code-A bank’s unique code, which is used when transferring money between banks, especially in different countries, and when exchanging messages; sometimes found on account statements

Bankrupt-A situation of not having enough money to pay debts, declared by a court order

Bankruptcy - Legal process, governed by federal statute, whereby the DEBTS of an insolvent person are liquidated after being satisfied to the greatest extent possible by the DEBTOR'S ASSETS. During bankruptcy, the debtor's assets are held and managed by a court appointed TRUSTEE.

Bargain purchase option-  an option to purchase the leased asset at a price which is lower than expected fair market value at a specific date( usually at the end of the leased period), which make the option appear nearly certain to be exercised.

Barter- A way of paying for things by exchanging goods and services instead of money

Basic bank account- A service from a bank or building society that only lets a person spend what they have in their account so there is no risk of becoming overdrawn and running up overdraft charges

Bear- Someone who sells shares now, expecting the share price to fall in the future so they can buy the shares back later at a lower price

Benefactor- A person who gives a gift, for example in a will

Beneficiary- A person who receives a gift

Benefit statement- A statement, usually issued once a year, of the value of a person’s occupational pension

Benefit-in-kind- A ‘perk’ of a job, such as a company car, gym membership or health insurance, that a company gives to its employees or directors and that may be subject to tax

Bequest - A gift by will of personal property. If the bequest is money to the extent it is paid out of income from property it is taxable to the recipient. Generally bequest value is fair market at the date of the decedent's death.

BIC- Bank Identifier Code – a unique address which, in telecommunication messages, identifies precisely the financial institutions involved in financial transactions

Bid/offer spread- An initial investment charge that refers to the difference between the buying and selling price of a unit on the stock market on any given day

Bid price- The price that an investor in a unit trust can get for each unit if they cash them in

Blue Sky Laws - State laws that regulate the ISSUANCE of SECURITIES. These laws are coordinated with federal acts.

Board of Directors - Individuals responsible for overseeing the affairs of an entity, including the election of its officers. The board of a CORPORATION that issues stock is elected by stockholders. (See AUDIT COMMITTEE.)

Bond - One type of long-term PROMISSORY NOTE, frequently issued to the public as a SECURITY regulated under federal securities laws or state BLUE SKY LAWS. bonds can either be registered in the owner's name or are issued as bearer instruments.

 Book Value - Amount, net or CONTRA ACCOUNT balances, that an ASSET or LIABILITY shows

on the BALANCE SHEET of a company. Also known as CARRYING VALUE.

Boot - The no technical term used by some to describe any cash or other property that is received in exchange of property that would be otherwise nontaxable.

Borrow- Get money that will be paid back

Bounced cheque- A cheque that the bank refuses to pay out because the person who wrote the cheque does not have enough money in their account to pay for it

Breach of contract- An act that breaks a legal duty agreed in a contract

Break even- A point at which a company earns as much money as it is spending; with no profit or loss, it ‘breaks even’

Bridging loan-A loan given by a lending institution to ‘bridge’ a time difference between buying a new home and selling the existing home

Brokerage- Commisson earned by a broker or a broker’s business

Budget - Financial plan that serves as an estimate of future cost, REVENUES or both.

Building society-An organisation owned by its members, who are some or all of the customers saving with or borrowing from the society

Buildings insurance-An insurance policy that pays out if a person’s home is damaged, for example if tiles fall off a roof during a storm

Bull- Someone who buys shares now, expecting that their value will rise in the future so that they can sell the shares for a profit at a later date

Bureau de change- A place that changes all major foreign currencies, in cash or in travellers’ cheques, for a fee known as a commission

Business Combinations - Combining of two entities. Under the PURCHASE METHOD O ACCOUNTING, one entity is deemed to acquire another and there is a new basis of accounting for the ASSETS and LIABILITIES of the acquired company. In a POOLING OF INTERESTS, two entities merge through an exchange of COMMON STOCK and there is no change in the

CARRYING VALUE of the assets or liabilities.

Business Segment - Any division of an organization authorized to operate, within prescribed or otherwise established limitations, under substantial control by its own management.

Bylaws - Collection of formal, written rules governing the conduct of a CORPORATION'S affairs (such as what officers it will have, what their responsibilities are, and how they are to be chosen). Bylaws are approved by a corporation's stockholders, if a stock corporation, or other owners, if a non-stock corporation. (See GOVERNING DOCUMENTS.)

Cc

Cafeteria Plan - A benefit plan maintained by an employer for the benefit of the employees under which each participant has the opportunity to select the benefits they desire. Certain minimum choices and nondiscriminatory rules apply.

Calendar month-A period of time that starts on the first day of the month and ends on the last day, as opposed to starting in the middle of one month and ending in the middle of the next

Cancellation rights- A person’s or company’s right to cancel a contract

 Call Loan - Loan repayable on demand. Also known as DEMAND LOAN.

Callable Instrument - bond which accords an issuer the right to redemption before it is due.

Cap - To limit. Capital - ASSETS intended to further production. The amount invested in a PROPRIETORSHIP, PARTNERSHIP, or CORPORATION by its owners.

Capital Gain - Portion of the total GAIN recognized on the sale or exchange of a non inventory asset which is not taxed as ORDINARY INCOME. Capital gains have historically been taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income.

Capital Stock - Ownership shares of a CORPORATION authorized by its ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. The money value assigned to a corporation's issued shares. The BALANCE SHEET account with the aggregate amount of the PAR VALUE or STATED VALUE of all stock issued by a corporation.

Capitalized Cost - Expenditure identified with goods or services acquired and measured by the amount of cash paid or the market value of other property, CAPITAL STOCK, or services surrendered. Expenditures that are written off during two or more accounting periods.

Capitalized Interest - INTEREST cost incurred during the time necessary to bring an ASSET to the condition and location for its intended use and included as part of the HISTORICAL COST of acquiring the asset.

Capitalized Lease - LEASE recorded as an ASSET acquisition accompanied by a corresponding LIABILITY by the LESSEE.

Capital Projects Funds - Funds used by a not-for-profit organization to account for all resources used for the development of a land improvement or building addition or renovation.

Capped charge- The most that a pension provider can charge a person for managing their pension, usually a percentage of the value of a person’s fund

Carrying Value - Amount, net or CONTRA ACCOUNT balances, that an ASSET or LIABILITY shows on the BALANCE SHEET of a company. Also known as BOOK VALUE.

Carryovers - Provision of tax law that allows current losses or certain tax credits to be utilized in the tax returns of future periods.

Cash Basis - Method of bookkeeping by which REVENUES and EXPENDITURES are recorded when they are received and paid. (See OTHER COMPREHENSIVE BASIS OF ACCOUNTING.)

Cashcard- Also known as an ATM card – a plastic card that a person can use only at cash machines with a personal identification number (PIN) to withdraw cash, check their balance or print out a mini-statement

Cash Equivalents - Short-term (generally less than three months), highly liquid INVESTMENTS that are convertible to known amounts of cash.

Cash Flows - Net of cash receipts and cash disbursements relating to a particular activity during a specified accounting period.

Cash inflow- The amount of money coming into a business

Cash outflow-The amount of money leaving a business

Casualty Loss - Any loss of an asset due to fire storm act of nature causing asset damage from unexpected or accidental force. Generally it is deductible regardless of whether it is business or personal.

CD - See CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT.

Certificate of Deposit (CD) - Formal instrument issued by a bank upon the deposit of funds which may not be withdrawn for a specified time period. Typically, an early withdrawal will incur a penalty.

Certified Financial Planner (CFP) - Individual who is trained to develop and implement financial plans for individuals, businesses, and organizations, utilizing knowledge of income and estate tax, investments, risk management analysis and retirement planning. CFPs are certified after completing a series of requirements that include education, experience, ethics and an exam. CFPs are not regulated by a governmental authority.

Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) - Internal AUDITOR who has satisfied the examination requirements of the Institute of Internal Auditors.

Certified Management Accountant (CMA) - An accreditation conferred by the Institute of Management Accountants that indicates the designee has passed an examination and attained certain levels of education and experience in the practice of accounting in the private sector.

 Certified Public Accountant (CPA) - ACCOUNTANT who has satisfied the education, experience, and examination requirements of his or her jurisdiction necessary to be certified as a public accountant.

CFP - See CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER.

Charges- Fees and interest that a person must pay, for example when they borrow money or buy on credit

Charge card- A type of credit card often issued by a store to its customers so that they can buy goods from the store on credit

Chargeable asset- An asset on which a person may need to pay capital gains tax if they sell or dispose of it

Cheque- A written order, addressed to a bank, instructing the bank to pay an amount of money to the person or organisation named on the cheque

Cheque guarantee card- A plastic card from a bank or building society that guarantees that the amount of money on a cheque (up to a certain limit) will be paid whether or not there is enough money in the account

CIA - See CERTIFIED INTERNAL AUDITOR.

Cirrus-A brand of an international debit card network, run by the MasterCard organisation, that lets a person access their money at ATM machines abroad

Claim- An action to get compensation based on an existing insurance policy

Claim for Refund - A refund is not automatically mailed if one is due. A taxpayer, whether business or individual, must file a request on a form. It must also be filed within the timeframe allotted or the refund may be lost. An individual can claim a refund back to whatever year it was due but it will only be paid three years back or less.

Clean Opinion - AUDIT opinion not qualified for any material scope restrictions nor departures from GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP). Also known as UNQUALIFIED OPINION.

Clearing- The time it takes for a bank or building society to transfer money from one account to another, say when a person lodges a cheque

Closed-End Mutual Fund - MUTUAL FUND with a fixed number of shares outstanding that may be bought or sold. CMO - See COLLATERALIZED MORTGAGE OBLIGATION.

Collateral - ASSET provided to a CREDITOR as security for a loan.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (CMO) - SECURITY whose cash flows equal the difference

between the cash flows of the collateralizing ASSETS and the collateralized obligations of a securitized TRUST. Characteristics of CMO residuals vary greatly and can be extremely complex in nature.

Combined Financial Statement - FINANCIAL STATEMENT comprising the accounts of two or more entities.

Comfort Letter - Letter provided by a company's independent public accountant to an underwriter when the underwriter has a DUE DILIGENCE responsibility under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 regarding financial information included in an offering statement.

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) - An alliance of five professional organizations dedicated to disseminating appropriate internal control standards.

Common Stock - CAPITAL STOCK having no preferences generally in terms of dividends, voting rights or distributions. (See PREFERRED STOCK.)

Company Level Controls - Controls that exist at the company level that have an impact on controls at the process, transaction, or application level.

Comparative Financial Statement - FINANCIAL STATEMENT presentation in which the current amounts and the corresponding amounts for previous periods or dates also are shown.

Compensatory Balance - Funds that a borrower must keep on deposit as required by a bank.

Compilation - Presentation of financial statement data without the ACCOUNTANT'S assurance as to conformity with GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP).

Compilation Engagement - Agreement between a CPA firm and its client to issue a COMPILATI0N REPORT. (See ACCOUNTANTS' REPORT.)

Compilation Report - See ACCOUNTANTS' REPORT.

Compliance Audit - Review of financial records to determine whether the entity is complying with specific procedures or rules.

Complex Trust - A trust that is to be distinguished from a simple trust in the fact that it permits accumulation or distribution of current income during the tax year and provides for charitable contributions.

Compound annual return (CAR)- The interest rate if interest on savings is added to savings and paid at the end of each year

Compound Interest Principles - Interest computed on principal plus interest earned in previous periods.

Comprehensive Income - Change in EQUITY of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from sources not shown in the income statement. The period includes all changes in equity except those resulting from INVESTMENTS by owners and distributions to owners.

Comprehensive motor insurance- Motor insurance that covers a person for damage to their car, resulting from any accidents, theft and fire

Consumer- A person who buys a good or service

Confirmation - AUDITOR'S receipt of a written or oral response from an independent third party verifying the accuracy of information requested.

Conservatism - An investment strategy aimed at long-term capital appreciation with low risk; moderate; cautious; opposite of aggressive behavior; show possible losses but wait for actual profits. Concept which directs the least favorable effect on net income.

 Consistency - ACCOUNTING postulate which stipulates that, except as otherwise noted in the FINANCIAL STATEMENT, the same accounting policies and procedures have been followed from period to period by an organization in the preparation and presentation of its financial statements.

 Consolidated Financial Statements - Combined FINANCIAL STATEMENTS of a parent company and one or more of its subsidiaries as one economic unit.

Consolidation - BUSINESS COMBINATION of two or more entities that occurs when the entities transfer all of their NET ASSETS to a new entity created for that purpose. (See MERGER.)

Constructive Receipt - A taxpayer is considered to have received the income even though the monies are not in hand, it may have been set aside or otherwise made available. An example is interest on a bank account.

Contingent Liability - Potential LIABILITY arising from a past transaction or a subsequent event.

Continuing Operations - Portion of a business entity expected to remain active.

Continuing Professional Education (CPE) - Educational programs for CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (CPAs) to keep informed on changes that occur within the profession. State Boards for Public Accountancy and the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA) each have separate CPE requirements.

Contra Account - ACCOUNT considered to be an offset to another account. Generally established to reduce the other account to amounts that can be realized or collected.

Control Deficiency - This exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis.

Control Risk - Measure of risk that errors exceeding a tolerable amount will not be prevented or detected by an entity's internal controls.

Controls Tests - Tests directed toward the design or operation of an internal control structure policy or procedure to assess its effectiveness in preventing or detecting material misstatements in a financial report.

Convertible Stock - Stock that may be exchanged for other SECURITIES of the issuer.

Corporation - Form of doing business pursuant to a charter granted by a state or federal government. Corporations typically are characterized by the issuance of freely transferable CAPITAL STOCK, perpetual life, centralized management, and limitation of owners' LIABILITY to the amount they invest in the business.

Cost Accounting - Procedures used for rationally classifying, recording, and allocating current or predicted costs that relate to a certain product or production process.

Cost Recovery Method - METHOD OF REVENUE RECOGNITION which recognizes profits after costs are completely recovered. Generally used only when the total amount of collections is highly uncertain. In tax, the ACCOUNTING METHOD used to depreciate ASSETS.

Coverdell Education Savings Account (Education IRA) - A tax exempt trust exclusively for the purpose of paying qualified higher education costs of the trusts designated beneficiary.

CPA - See CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT.

CPE - See CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION.

Credit - Entry on the right side of a DOUBLE-ENTRY BOOKKEEPING system that represents the reduction of an ASSET or expense or the addition to a LIABILITY or REVENUE. (See DEBIT.)

Credit Agreement - Arrangement in which one party borrows or takes possession in the present by promising to pay in the future.

Credit Balance - BALANCE remaining after one of a series of bookkeeping entries. This amount represents a LIABILITY or income to the entity. (See BALANCE.)

Creditor - Party that loans money or other ASSETS to another party.

Current Asset - ASSET that one can reasonably expect to convert into cash, sell, or consume in operations within a single operating cycle, or within a year if more than one cycle is completed each year.

Current Liability - Obligation whose LIQUIDATION is expected to require the use of existing resources classified as CURRENT ASSETS, or the creation of other current liabilities.

Current Value –

(1) Value of an ASSET at the present time as compared with the asset's HISTORICAL COST.

(2) In finance, the amount determined by discounting the future revenue stream of an asset using COMPOUND INTEREST PRINCIPLES.

Dd

Date of Auditors'/Accountants' Report - Last day the AUDITORS perform fieldwork and the last day of responsibility relating to significant events subsequent to the financial statement date.

Death Benefit - Amounts received under a life insurance contract and paid by reason of the death of the insured. (Although most death benefits are paid at termination of life, certain plans now pay accelerated death benefits while the insured is still alive, i.e.: an AIDS patient might possibly receive accelerated death benefit)

Debenture- A document issued by a company, usually to a bank or building society, that acknowledges that some or all of the company’s assets are security for a debt

Debit - Entry on the left side of a DOUBLE-ENTRY BOOKKEEPING system that represents the addition of an ASSET or expense or the reduction to a LIABILITY or REVENUE. (See CREDIT.)

Debit Balance - BALANCE remaining after one or a series of bookkeeping entries. This amount represents an ASSET or an expense of the entity. (See BALANCE.)

Debt - General name for money, notes, bondS, goods or services which represent amounts owed.

Debt consolidation- Taking out a single loan to pay off a number of smaller, individual loans

Debt Security - Document which is evidence of an obligation or LIABILITY.

Debt Service Fund - Fund whose PRINCIPAL or INTEREST is set aside and accumulated to retire DEBT.

Debtor - Party owing money or other ASSETS to a CREDITOR.

Decedent - Individual who has died.

Defalcation - To misuse or embezzle funds.

Default - Failure to meet any financial obligation. Default triggers a CREDITOR'S rights and remedies identified in the agreement and under the law.

Defeasance - Annulment of a contract or deed; a clause within a contract or deed that provides for annulment.

Deferred Charge - Cost incurred for subsequent periods which are reflected as ASSETS.

Deferred Income - Income received but not earned until all events have occurred. Deferred income is reflected as a LIABILITY.

Deferred Income Taxes - ASSETS or LIABILITIES that arise from timing or measurement differences between tax and accounting principles.

Deficiency in Design - This exists when a control necessary to meet the control objective is missing or an existing control is not properly designed so that even if the control operates as designed, the control objective is not always met.

Deficiency in Operation - This exists when a properly designed control does not operate as designed, or when the person performing the control does not possess the necessary authority or qualifications to perform the control effectively.

Deficit - Financial shortage that occurs when LIABILITIES exceed ASSETS.

Defined Benefit Plan - See EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN.

Defined Contribution Plan - See EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN.

Demand Loan - Loan repayable on demand. Also known as a CALL LOAN.

Demutualise- Converting a building society from an organisation owned by its members or customers (known as a ‘mutual’) to a profit-making company that distributes profits to its shareholders

Dependent Care Expenses - Qualified child care expenses will allow a taxpayer this computed credit against tax. The amounts can be found on the individual forms as the limitations and computation may change each tax year.

Depletion - Method of computing a deduction to ACCOUNT for a reduction in value of extractable natural resources.

Deposit Method - Related to the sales of real estate, under this method the seller does not recognize any profits, does not record a note RECEIVABLE, and continues to reflect the property and related DEBT in the seller's FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, recording the buyer's initial investment and subsequent payments as a deposit.

Depreciation - Expense allowance made for wear and tear on an ASSET over its estimated useful life. (See ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION and STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION.)

Depression- In economic terms, a severe and long-term downturn in the economy that is marked by high unemployment, lower wages, less production and general reluctance to spend

Direct debit- A method of paying bills regularly, by giving permission to a company or organisation to take money straight from a bank or building society account on a date specified by the company or organisation

Direct payment- A secure and confidential method of lodging payment (for example a social welfare payment) directly into a person’s bank or building society account or to a savings’ account with another financial institution, using electronic fund transfer (EFT)

Derivatives - Financial instruments whose value varies with the value of an underlying asset (such as a stock, bond, commodity or currency) or index such as interest rates. Financial instruments whose characteristics and value depend on the characterization of an underlying instrument or asset.

Detection Risk - Risk that the AUDITOR will not detect a material misstatement.

Detective Controls - These have the objective of detecting errors or fraud that have already occurred that could result in a misstatement of the financial statements.

DIRT(Deposit Interest Retention Tax)  – a tax paid by a bank or building society on the interest a person gets from saving. The bank deducts it from the interest earned on behalf of the customer

Disbursement - Payment by cash or check.

Disclaimer of Opinion - Statement by an AUDITOR indicating inability to express an opinion on the fairness of the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS provided and the reason for the inability. The auditor is required to disclaim depending on the limitation in scope.

Disclosure - Process of divulging accounting information so that the content of FINANCIAL STATEMENTS is understood.

Discontinued Operations - Portion of a business that is planned to be or is discontinued.

Discount - Reduction from the full amount of a price or DEBT.

Discount Rate - Rate at which INTEREST is deducted in advance of the issuance, purchasing, selling, or lending of a financial instrument. Also, the rate used to determine the CURRENT VALUE, or present value, of an ASSET or income stream.

Discounted Cash Flow - Present value of future cash estimated to be generated.

Discounted rate mortgage- A type of mortgage, usually offered to new customers, in which the interest rate is reduced for a fixed period of time

Disposable income- Income available after a person pays tax, loans and buys basic goods and services

Dissolve- Formally breaking up an organisation or institution

Discretionary Trust - Arrangement in which the TRUSTEE has the authority to make INVESTMENT decisions and has control over investments within the framework of the TRUST instrument.

Dissolution - Termination of a CORPORATION.

Distribution Expense - Expense of selling, advertising, and delivery of goods and services.

Distributions - Payment by a business entity to its owners of items such as cash ASSETS, stocks, or earnings.

Dividends - Distribution of earnings to owners of a CORPORATION in cash, other ASSETS of the corporation, or the corporation's CAPITAL STOCK.

Documentation Completion Date - A complete and final set of audit documentation should be assembled for retention as of a date not more than 45 days after the report release date.

Double-Entry Bookkeeping - Method of recording financial transactions in which each transaction is entered in two or more accounts and involves two-way, self-balancing posting. Total DEBITS must equal total CREDITS.

Dual Dating - Dating of the ACCCOUNTANTS' or AUDITORS' REPORT when a subsequent event disclosed in the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS occurs after completion of the field work but before issuance of the report. For example, "January 3, 19xx, except for Note x, as to which the date is March 10, 19xx."

Due Date - Each governing agency and its forms scheduled reporting and most importantly payments have a required due date. It is this date that if most files timely may result in a penalty, fine, and commence interest charges.

Due Diligence –

a.      Procedures performed by underwriters in connection with the issuance of a SECURITIES EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) registration statement. These procedures involve questions concerning the company and its business, products, competitive position, recent financial and other developments and prospects. Also performed by others in connection with acquisitions and other transactions.

b.     Requirement found in ethical codes that the person governed by the ethical rules exercise professional care in conducting his or her activities.